Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of initial live weight of pigs at the time of introducing the JCA in diets with low protein levels in the evolution of behavioral traits and characteristics of the channel of pigs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location
The experiment was conducted in the Section of Swine, Faculty of Agronomy of the Universidad Central de Venezuela in Maracay, Aragua state, Venezuela. The cane sugar was obtained from a commercial plantation of about 12 months and the JCA was removed daily through a horizontal mill trapiche or three clubs with an extraction efficiency of 35.5 ± 3%, JCA showed an average of 20 ± 4 ° Brix. After filtration was extracted, packaged and stored in a cellar cooling to 0 ± 3 ° C for a period not to exceed 48 hours. All other materials were obtained in commercial houses.
Animals and accommodation
We used 50 pigs, 25 castrated males and 25 females, hybrids, with an initial live weight of 25 ± 1 kg, derived from crosses between breeds Landrace, Yorkshire, Hampshire, and Duroc Jersey Pietra. The animals were housed per couple (a castrated male and one female) per pen in a barn open up the experimental unit. Each pen with an area of 2.4 m 2 was equipped with a trough which allowed the consumption of sufficient JCA and had free access to drinking water through nipple drinkers type.
Design of experiment and feeding strategy
The design was completely randomized experiment with 5 repetitions, 2 pigs per experimental unit and 5 treatments:
T 1 = balanced diet with corn (DB) from 25 kg live weight until you reach the final weight.
T = 2 + cane juice protein concentrate (JCP) from 25 kg live weight until you reach the final weight.
T 3 = DB from 25 kg live weight until 30 kg live weight and then fed PCB until the final weight.
T 4 = DB from 25 kg live weight until 40 kg live weight and then fed PCB until the final weight.
T = 5 DB from 25 kg live weight until 55 kg live weight and then fed PCB until the final weight.
The animals were weighed weekly collection of food is consumed, and cleaning of seats and animals were made daily between 07:00 and 09:00 h, respectively.
Management allowances
The pigs that consumed JCA, were narrowly focused on protein (CP) consisting of proteins, minerals, vitamins, in a ration of 10:00. To ensure the consumption of the CP JCA was provided ad libitum from 12:30 h. Pigs consuming the DB received ad libitum at 1000 h. The CP and DB were made through the program NUTRION [24] according to the requirements of each stage (I Growth, Growth and Termination II.), Using tables of nutrient requirements Vicosa-MG (2000) [36] and prepared in a horizontal paddle mixer with a capacity of 500 kg. The ingredients used are shown in Table I and II.
Chemical analysis of diets
We used the methodology of the AOAC [2] in the determination of dry matter, ash, crude fiber, ether extract, and nitrogen. While the determination of gross energy was carried out through the assessment of the combustion heat generated in an adiabatic calorimetric bomb, using benzoic acid as standard [26]. In the case of the gross energy of CAB followed a similar methodology to that used for urine samples recommended for liquids [10] (Tables I and II).
Evaluation of the canal
At the end of the experimental period, all pigs were sacrificed after a period of 24 hours of fasting. The carcass weight was determined through direct measurement of the channel including a cold head, legs and tail [25] and the yield was calculated as a percentage of live weight. The thickness of back fat was obtained by averaging the direct measurement using a measuring rule, with the carcass in cold readings taken in the first and last rib and last lumbar vertebra on both sides of the midline [14] . The dissection of the carcass was cold separating it into four parts: spine, ribs, ham and Solomo [25]. After cutting, each side was dissected into lean meat or separable portion, fat and bone [1].
Statistical analysis
The results were subjected to analysis of variance [35] as a classification, using the general linear model procedure PROC MIXED, the Institute of Statistical Analysis Systems [33], according to the design of completely randomized experiment, considering the week as a repeated measure on the experimental unit. Differences between treatment means were determined by the LSMEANS test averages. The effect of variation in initial weight of pigs according to the analysis of covariance did not produce a significant change affecting the experimental error. The features of the canal, followed by final covariable for weight [31]. The probability level of significance was accepted as P <0.05 unless specified otherwise. Were used Statistix 7.0 statistical package for Windows [34] and SAS for Windows [33].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The composition of the CAB were similar to those reported in several Brazilian artifacts [11, 12]. It was not possible to find another date information regarding chemical analysis of CAB used in most other studies related to the provision of CAB given to pigs [5, 18, 19, 21, 29, 32].
Under no circumstances during the conduct of this trial was observed the presence of liquid stool or diarrhea in pigs receiving JCA. Other authors [7, 21, 30] found some diarrhea during the first few days where it was raw sugar as the main source of energy for growing pigs. But it was assumed that this was due to a response of animals to a dietary challenge with no prior adaptation. Moreover, in this study there was no effect of treatment, nor in the growth phase or at the end (Table III). In this connection, there was also no sign of fermentation JCA, according to the characteristics of smell or taste of the juice. It has been urged [20] in which the pigs refused to eat fermented JCA, which was not seen in any circumstances during the entire experiment.
Throughout the evaluation period, the pigs began consumption JCA showed values significantly (P <0.01) higher consumption of juice, the animals for the treatment began to consume JCA at the end of the phase growth and the principle of being finalized. As expected, the daily consumption of protein was significantly (P <0.01) lower in animals fed diets based on JCA compared with that of pigs fed the control diet. In general, there was a significant increase (P <0.05) in the intake of DM in pigs fed with JCA during the completion, as well as in growth (P <0.01). Bui [6] found a nonsignificant increase in the consumption of food if the pigs were fed rehydrated JCA, rather than if they were made with a diet containing rice bran and soybean flour.
Daily gain and feed conversion of MS were higher (P <0.05, P <0001) in pigs fed the control diet during the growth phase (Table IV), like what has been obtained by other authors [6]. However, no differences were observed between treatments during the completion and during the whole period (growth-completion). Other researchers [7] observed that isoproteic diets, containing varying levels of raw sugar, not identified differences in daily gain of pigs between 25 and 90 kg live weight.
There were significant differences (P <0.01) for the conversion protein for pigs fed diets based on JCA, in contrast to what happened to the animals fed a conventional diet. These results are in agreement with the observations of Speedy et al. [32], who suggested that perhaps the protein, not the order of amino acids in pigs fed with JCA are actually lower than those recommended by some [23], but at the same time, these results are contradictory to previous observations other authors [6]. It is considered that in this direction, more research is needed because there is no coherent explanation for these results.
Carcass traits showed no significant difference as a result of introducing the JCA in the diet of pigs (Table V), none of the conditions of this assessment.